Bibliography

  • "The Myth of Mental Illness", Thomas Szasz, 1961.
  • "The Manufacture of Madness: A Comparative Study of the Inquisition and the Mental Health Movement", Thomas Szasz, 1970.
  • "Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry", Thomas Szasz, 1976.
  • "Anti-Freud - Karl Kraus' Criticisms of Psychiatry", Thomas Szasz, 1976.
  • "The Theology of Medicine", Thomas Szasz, 1977.
  • "The Myth of Psychotherapy", Thomas Szasz, 1978.
  • "Insanity - the Idea and its Consequences", Thomas Szasz, 1987.
  • "Our Right to Drugs: The Case for a Free Market", Thomas Szasz, 1992.
  • "The Meaning of Mind: Language, Morality and Neuroscience", Thomas Szasz, 1996.
  • "Fatal Freedom: The Ethics and Politics of Suicide", Thomas Szasz, 1999.
  • "Faith in Freedom", Thomas Szasz, 2004
  • "The Medicalisation of Everyday Life", Essays by Thomas Szasz, 2007.
  • "Coercion as Cure: A Critical History of Psychiatry", Thomas Szasz, 2007.
  • "Psychiatry: the Science of Lies", Thomas Szasz, 2008.
  • "Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared", Thomas Szasz, 2009.
  • "Suicide Prohibition: The Shame of Medicine", Thomas Szasz, 2011.
  • "Cracked: Why Psychiatry is Doing More Harm Than Good", James Davies, 2013.

Anti-Psychiatry is a very necessary term.

"...the imbecillic term "antipsychiatry""

Thomas Szasz.

I think he would perhaps have been better off replacing "antipsychiatry" with "antipsychiatrist" in this phrase!

"As a result of the antipsychiatrists's self-seeking sloganeering, psychiatrists can now do what no other members of a medical specialty can do: they can dismiss critics of any aspect of accepted psychiatric practice by labeling them "antipsychiatrists."


The obstetrician who eschews abortion on demand is not stigmatized as an "antiobstetrician."

The surgeon who eschews transsexual operations is not dismissed as an "antisurgeon.""

Thomas Szasz.

Perhaps in a sense it is a silly term. As a discipline called "ANTI-GEOLOGY" would be.
Or better "ANTI-GEOLOGIST"! Geology is a recognized and valid science.
Pyschiatry is a pseudo-science and a crime.

Hence I don't believe that the term "anti-psychiatry" is "imbecillic". If I were to say that I am "anti-astrology" or "anti-alchemy" I do not believe these would be imbecilic terms either. Especially if astrology or alchemy were still officially parts of science.

Because Psychiatry cannot be a medical discipline - and in many other senses - I think that "anti-psychiatry" is a very acceptable term. In fact, I believe that it is an extremely necessary term. Among the most necessary in history.

It is important to note that like almost all terms in this area of verbal abuse "imbecile" or "imbecilic" has no scientific meaning whatsoever. It may supposedly have done in origin. But it simply a term of abuse now.
"Cretin" meant "Christian" in origin. "Idiot" is a term of abuse and nothing more; with an obscure pseudo-scientific origin as so many terms of abuse have. Most terms denoting so-called "mental illness" are essentially nothing but terms of abuse anyway. They are the same thing, as Szasz himself pointed out

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"While many antipsychiatrists pay lip service to rejecting the "medical model" of psychiatry, they continue to conceptualize certain human problems and efforts to resolve them in medical terms and, even more importantly, do not categorically reject "therapeutic" coercion and excuse-making."

Thomas Szasz.

This ain't necessarily so. There is no reason why opposition to psychiatry has to be involved with the practices described in this quote, as Szasz must have known.

I am very much opposed to "Psychiatry" and hence I am ANTI-PSYCHIATRY (adj.).
As everyone of conscience should be.

Since psychiatry is a bogus endeavour, the profession and medical speciality should simply be abolished. It has no use and no future.

That's why I am anti-psychiatry.

Given the crimes of psychiatry, regardless of the supposed crimes of those who may have invented or used the term "anti-psychiatry", the term "anti-psychiatry" has a place I believe.
Is "anti-slavery" or "anti-racism" an imbecilic term? Of course not.
Psychiatry is absolutely comparable to slavery and racism. Intrinsically so.

I think the title of one of Szasz's recent books - "Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared" - is unfortunate and could engender misunderstandings.

Why didn't Szasz write a book entitled "Scientology: Cultishness Squared"?
He may as well have done - for all the relevance that the work "Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared" had to anything at all. It seems to mainly describe the defects of "antipsychiatrists" in quite an arbitrary way. Their practices however had nothing necessarily to do with opposition to psychiatry.

The execrable practices and ideology of Scientology have nothing to do with Szasz of course - yet the two have been lumped together by association. Quite wrongly. For me anti-psychiatry merely means opposition to psychiatry and nothing more. By the term "anti-psychiatry" I do not denote the practices of Cooper or Laing or any specific individual. In this sense "Antipsychiatry" has nothing to do with opposition to psychiatry! In the same way, Szasz obviously has nothing to do with Scientology!

If "antipsychiatry" is the label we give this specific tendency and its objectionable practices then I think this is a misappropriation of the term. It can of course still mean what it seems to mean prima facie - i.e. opposition to psychiatry!

By "antipsychiatry" I personally do not mean the 1960s movement - if such a thing existed - I mean simply opposition to psychiatry!

To be frank, "Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared" was, I believe, possibly to a point a strategic book; and essentially a lapse for many reasons, that detracts from his otherwise very important, impeccable and excellent oeuvre!

As the son of Laing himself has pointed out on in a brief review of the book on amazon.com, Szasz had a strong dislike of Laing and his work and activities in particular.
Possibly this was quite justified. but I think this dislike was one origin of the conceptual lapse that I think this book represents.

The following is a description of Szasz's book "Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared.":

"More than fifty years ago, Thomas Szasz showed that the concept of mental illness - a disease of the mind - is an oxymoron, a metaphor, a myth. Disease, in the medical sense, affects only the body. He also demonstrated that civil commitment and the insanity defense, the paradigmatic practices of psychiatry, are incompatible with the political values of personal responsibility and individual liberty. The psychiatric establishment's rejection of Szasz's critique posed no danger to his work: its defense of coercions and excuses as ""therapy"" supported his argument regarding the metaphorical nature of mental illness and the transparent immorality of brutal psychiatric control masquerading as humane medical care. 

In the late 1960s, the launching of the so-called antipsychiatry movement vitiated Szasz's effort to present a precisely formulated conceptual and political critique of the medical identity of psychiatry and of psychiatric coercions and excuses. Led by the Scottish psychiatrist R. D. Laing, the antipsychiatrists used the term to attract attention to themselves and deflect attention from what they did, which included coercions and excuses based on psychiatric principles and power. For this reason, Szasz rejected, and continues to reject, psychiatry and antipsychiatry with equal vigor.

Subsuming his work under the rubric of antipsychiatry betrays and negates it just as surely and effectively as subsuming it under the rubric of psychiatry. In ""Antipsychiatry: Quackery Squared"", Szasz powerfully argues that his writings belong to neither psychiatry nor antipsychiatry. They stem from conceptual analysis, social-political criticism, and common sense."


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I have read the entire work described. I agree with all of this summary, but, as I say, I have some reservations about the work.

For example was there ever really such a thing as the "antipsychiatry movement" that was "launched" in the 1960s? Is there such a thing now? There certainly isn't such a movement now that believes in psychiatric coercion.

I certainly do not seek to subsume Szasz's ideas within the ideology or rubric of "antipsychiatry"/"antipsychiatry"/"Anti-Psychiatry"!

To summarize, whilst I go all the way with Szasz in criticizing and condemning Laing and others in what got labelled the "antipsychiatry movement" and their coercive practices, I do think that the term "antipsychiatry" is quite necessary.

Szasz criticizes "antipsychiatry" more cogently in his excellent book "Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry". I accept everything he says in this book about what has been given the label "antipsychiatry". But I still think the term "antipsychiatry" is needed to simply mean what it seems to mean - opposition to psychiatry.

I think psychiatry needs to be totally abolished, and all of its practices discredited and discontinued.
It needs to be relegated to the ranks of pseudo-science like astrology and alchemy have been.
People would of course still be free to engage voluntarily in psychiatric ideology and some current psychiatric practices but not as part of science or medicine and only on a fully mutually voluntary basis.

Szasz's emphasis was on abolishing all coercion from psychiatry and I fully agree with this.
I would perhaps go further in wishing to see psychiatry abolished as a medical discipline.
I cannot help but think that it is not entirely irrelevant to this discussion that Szasz himself was officially a psychiatrist.

I do think however that some psychiatric practices like ECT and some types of neurosurgery (better classed as mutilation) should be totally abolished, illegalized and prohibited - and not even available on a voluntary consensual basis.

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For an even better discussion of some of the points raised here please see the following article by the excellent Dr. Bonnie Burstow - a new heroine of mine. I agree with almost every word and I may even drop the hyphen!

Antipsychiatry - say what? by Bonnie Burstow.
https://www.madinamerica.com/2017/06/antipsychiatry-say-what/

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About Me

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I am an amateur FILOSOFER. (I am not really a sofa). I dropped out of Cambridge University though I got an "S" grade in the entrance examination. I eventually received a 1st class Bachelors degree elsewhere. I received A.H.R.B. funding to pursue postgraduate study, but did not do so. Please enjoy my blogs. To parafrase Orwell, I am trying to make political blogging into an art. My intellectual heroes are Kenan Malik, Thomas Szasz and Noam Chomsky. I have made some mistakes in my life - and I would like to apologize wholeheartedly and from the depths of my cushions for any problems I may have caused and may be causing for anyone anywhere.